guatemala

            DR. GUTMANN:  Alas, because of time, and I

  know we're pressed for time, I'm going to wrap this up

  and ask Jim to make some concluding comments, as well.

            Our discussion was sobering to say the least

  but necessary to bring facts to light and what we're planning on putting forward publicly as our report.

            Let me try and not in any way comprehensive

  way but to outline some of the things on the ethical

  analysis side that we have agreed upon as a commission

            DR. GUTMANN:  So that's a good segue, right?

  We are going to talk now in this session addressing

  directly the ethical standards of the day and, in

  particular, here are the questions we want to address.

            Did the researchers try to keep the

  experiments secret?  What standards did the researchers

  employ to protect human subjects in an earlier

  experiment conducted in Terre Haute, Indiana, in a

  federal or state penitentiary there?  I think it was a

            DR. GUTMANN:  Welcome back, everybody.  We are

  now in session seven of this two-day commission

  meeting, and I am very pleased to welcome our two

  guests, Ruth Macklin and Robert Temple.  And I

  would -- will briefly introduce both of them.  They are

  widely known and respected, and will present us with

  two different views on the topic of trial design and

  international standards.

            Ruth Macklin is Professor of Bioethics in the

  Department of Epidemiology and Population Health at

            DR. GUTMANN:  If I could ask everybody to

  please take a seat, we are going to reconvene.

            It is my pleasure now to introduce our panel

  on community engagement.  I will introduce all the

  speakers at the beginning, and then ask each to speak,

  and then we will open it up for questions and comments.

  And I want to thank everybody who has given us comments earlier this morning for really excellent comments.

            Our first speaker will be Carletta Tilousi.

DR. WAGNER:  In our -- thank you, Zeke.  In

  our next section we get to hear from a couple of our

  commission members, Christine Grady and Nelson Michael.

  They served along with our chair, Amy Gutmann, and John

  Arras, on the international search panel, which, as

  Amy noted before, was set up as a subcommittee of this

  commission.  On behalf of the entire commission, thanks

  to the four of you for being engaged in that.

            Now, Christine and Nelson will report to us on

              DR. HAUSER:  Thank you, Jim.  Delighted to.

  Fellow Commission Members and audience, my name is

  Stephen Hauser from the University of California, San

  Francisco.

            I would like to just briefly describe the

  details of the experiments that were carried out in

  Guatemala during this two-year period between 1946 and

  1948 and maybe as a prelude just very briefly discuss

  the scientific environment and milieu at this time.  I

  think without that, it's harder to understand the

DR. WAGNER: We’ve got forty-five minutes to talk about the European perspective – we’re going to take our whole forty-five minutes because we expect to be just as rich as the prior conversation was.